Сравнительный анализ китайских предлогов "Zài(在), Cónɡ(从)" и соответствующих узбекских аффиксов/вспомогательных

2.2 The preposition "Cónɡ(from)"

According to "The Eight Hundred Words of Modern Chinese" edited by Lu Shuxiang, there are generally four usages:

1) Indicates the starting point of time. E.g:

Chinese：Xuéxiào cónɡ yīyuè yīhào kāishǐ fànɡjià.
Uzbek：Maktabda 1-yanvardan boshlab ta'tilga chiqishadi.
English：The school is on holiday from October 1st.

"Cónɡ" indicates the starting point of time and is generally used as adverbial in sentences. Its sentence pattern is generally expressed as "Cónɡ+Time". The affix corresponding to the preposition "Cónɡ" in Uzbek is "-dan", and its sentence pattern is generally expressed as "time + dan". "-dan" can not be used as a `word` alone, but can only be attached to the "root".

2) Indicates the location. E.g:

① Chinese:Wǒ cónɡ tǎshén’ɡān lái.
Uzbek:Men Toshkentdan kelganman.
English: I am coming from Tashkent.

② Chinese:Wǒmen cónɡ zhètiáolù zǒu bɑ.
Uzbek:Biz shu yo'ldan yura qolaylik.
English:Let's go from this road.

"Cónɡ" can indicate the starting point of a place (sentence ①) or the place through which it passes (sentence ②). In a sentence, it is generally used as an adverbial, and its sentence pattern is generally expressed as "Cónɡ + place". Uzbek also has its corresponding usage, and its sentence pattern is generally expressed as "place + dan".

3) Indicates the scope. E.g:

Chinese:Cónɡ lǎorén dào xiǎohái dōuqù cānjiāle zhèɡe huódònɡ
Uzbek: Qariyalardan to yosh bolalargacha bu tadbirda qatnashdilar.
English:Everyone from the old to the young participated in the activity.

"Cónɡ" indicates the scope and is often used in "Cónɡ…dào"(from…to)fixed format. Uzbek also has its corresponding usage, and its sentence pattern is generally expressed as "-dan…-gacha ".

4) Indicates the source or basis. E.g:

Chinese:Cónɡ tāde shuōhuà láikàn,tā jīntiān bù kāixīn.
Uzbek:Uning gaplaridan ko'rinib turibdiki, u bugun xursand emas.
English:Judging from what he said, he is unhappy today.

"Cónɡ" indicating the source or basis, often used in the "Cónɡ...láikàn"(From the point of view of...) fixed format. Uzbek also has its corresponding usage. Its sentence pattern is generally expressed as "source/basis+dan". Chinese prepositions are rich and varied, and they are difficult to use. Students often avoid using them because "the use of prepositions and collocations is limited. It is this limitation that enables learners to use only one preposition in combination with other words and master prepositions in syntactic changes "(Zhao Kuixin 2002).