Сравнение китайских и английских речевых связок в устных повествованиях

In 20 English texts 1239 cases of linkages have been counted. Table 1 shows the top five most frequently used linkages in these 20 texts, which is about 79.9% of all the linkages used.

According to Table 1, and tops the five most frequently used linkages, and it takes about 56.06% of all the linkages counted in the 20 texts. Quirk et al (1985: 930) stated that “(a)nd is the coordinator which has the most general meaning and use. The only restriction on the use of and as coordinator is the pragmatic one that the clauses should have sufficient in common to justify their combination”, which can be proved by our findings in the present study. Quirk et al (1985: 930-932) summarized eight different uses of and as a coordinator. In the following part we will illustrate the functions of and in oral narratives with examples taken from Text 1, which has the highest frequency of and among the 20 texts, based on the summary of Quirk et al.

And as a consecutive linkage. And is used to link two clauses of consecutive events or scenes. For example,

(7) And there’s a ladder coming out ..o of the tree, and there’s a man at the top of the ladder, ...

(8) And you watch him pluck a few pears, and he’d drop them into his thing, ...

(9) And they help him get his bike up, and one kid takes the rock that he tripped on and he throws it off to the side of the road, and they set him upright, ...

And as a resultive linkage. And is used to link two clauses, and the second one is the consequence or result of the first. Just as Quirk et al (1985: 930) said that “[t]he second clause is a CONSEQUENCE or RESULT of the first; ie, the first conjoin presents the circumstance (frequently the circumstantial background) enabling the event described in the second conjoin to take place”. For example,

(10) ... one of the pears drops down to the floor, and he picks it up, ...

(11) ... the guy walks by. And you watch the goat, disappearing all the way, ...

(12) ... you see him riding off and the next scene you see him, like at a at a distance, a pan shot.

(13) And then ..they walk ..the three boys walk down the road and they see ..the kid’s hat. And so one of them whistles. And the kid on the bike turns around, and then he brings his hat to him, and the guy on the bike gives the other kid ..gives the kid that returns his hat ..three pears to share with his buddies.

And as a linkage showing hesitation. In a task of oral narration, it is common to find a narrator hesitating in thinking about what to say next or in searching proper words or expressions to express what the narrator intends to say. Usually the narrator will use a prolonged and to buy some time. For example,

(14) A--nd u--h and then he gets down out of the tree, ...

(15) A--nd u--m then he climbs back up the ladder, ...

(16) A--nd.. U--m the bicycle’s way too big for the kid.

And as an additive linkage. And links two clauses, and the second one just adds some extra information to the first one. For example,

(17) U--m the movie was in color. And the movie had sound track.

(18) ... and that’s the end of the movie. And there’s no ..no language ..used, ..throughout the whole thing.

And as a contrast linkage. And is used to link two clauses, and the second clause shows a contrast against the first one. For example,

(19) And the goat’s aaarrr but ..and they don’t talk to each other, they don’t ..I don’t think they even look at each other, and ..the guy ..walks by.